writing Smart Contracts for Ethereum and Solana

• Language: Solidity (a high-level, object-oriented language similar to JavaScript and Python) or Vyper (a Python-inspired language).
• Architecture: The smart contract (program logic) and its state (data) are bundled together in a single account.
• Tools:
  • IDEs: Remix (browser-based) is popular for beginners.
  • Frameworks: Hardhat and Foundry are widely used for local development, testing, and deployment.
  • Libraries/Tools: MetaMask for wallet interaction and transaction signing, Alchemy for node infrastructure, and Ethers.js for client-side interaction are common.
• Key Feature: Contracts can often be upgraded using proxy patterns if designed that way. 

• Language: Primarily Rust, C, and C++ are used, which compile to Berkeley Packet Filter (BPF) bytecode.
• Architecture: Programs are stateless; the program logic is stored in an executable account, but the data (state) is stored in separate, distinct accounts and passed to the program during execution. This separation allows for parallel processing and program reusability.
• Tools:
  • Frameworks: The Anchor framework simplifies Rust-based Solana development with familiar tools for EVM developers.
  • CLI Tools: The Solana CLI is essential for configuring the environment, generating keypairs, and deploying programs to testnets like Devnet.
  • Compatibility: Projects like Solang allow developers to compile Solidity code for Solana's BPF format, and the Neon EVM allows full EVM dApps to run on Solana, offering pathways for cross-chain development.
• Key Feature: Programs are upgradable by default via a CLI command, though this can be finalized to make them immutable.